Music instr. on Independence Craigslist and other Classified Listings

SQUIER STRATOCASTER STRAT GUITAR FENDER, LIKE NEW $215 NICE!� - $215 (INDEPENDENCE)

INDEPENDENCE

REALLY NICE RARE SQUIER BY FENDER STRATOCASTER GUITAR - ROSEWOOD FINGERBOARD, DUNCAN DESIGNED HUMBUCKER PICKUP IN THE BRIDGE - SINGLE COIL PICKUPS IN THE NECK AND MID POSITIONS. NO PICKGUARD, NICE TRANSPARENT HONEY WOODGRAIN FINISH - LARGE HEADSTOCK - GREAT GUITAR - BOUGHT IT AND NEVER REALLY USED IT. NEVER BEEN PLAYED OUT OF THE HOUSE. WILL MEET AND EXCHANGE FOR CASH ONLY - AT THE INDEPENDENCE CENTER. Location: INDEPENDENCEits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

15" EV Bass Guitar Cabinet - $150 (Independence)

Independence

This is a mid 1990s Crate Bass rear ported cabinet with an EV DL15X installed. Box and speaker are in great condition. Speaker is 8 ohm and handles 400 watts. Speaker sells for $224 alone! No rattles. Call evenings 816-350-8388 or days 7am-3:30pm 913-907-2157. First $150 takes it home Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Eden Nemesis RS400 Bass Amp - $250 (Independence)

Independence

This amp is about 8 months old and has only been out of my home approx 10 times. It is in perfect condition. Features 400 watts at 4 ohm. Has xlr out and tuner out. Check more features at musiciansfriend.com where it sells for $449. Also included is a new 2 space shallow rack, original paperwork!! All this for $225!! Call 816-350-8388 evenings or 913-907-2157 7am-3:30pm. Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Antique 1913 Piano - $700 (Independence)

Independence
$Hello, We have a 1913 Stodard Piano. I have done research on it and cant find too much other than it was made in 1913 and is worth about 1200.00. On the front, above the keys are the words Stodard and the word Chicago underneath it. When researching this, most websites asked if I meant to spell it \$

MIRAGE ALTO SAX - $200 (independence)

independence

SIMBA TRUMPET - $95 (independence)

independence

Peavey Micro Bass Amp - $50 (Independence)

Independence

Holton Elkhorn Collegiate Clarinet (Independence, MO)

Independence, MO

Black Clarinet in good condition. Comes with 2 reeds, tube cleaner, case, and grease. (a very nice case!)Call Bob- 913-207-1560US RESIDENTS ONLY NO SHIPPING Location: Independence, MOits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Bach Trombone - $190 (Independence, MO)

Independence, MO

Bach trombone (no f-key). Works and sounds great! Only used for 1 year. Great starting trombone!Call Bob- 913-207-1560NO SHIPPING US CITIZENS ONLY Location: Independence, MOits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

gibson epiphone les paul w, amp - $350 (independence)

independence

saxophone - $200 (independence)

independence

Yamaha YAS-23 Alto Sax - $300 (Independence)

Independence

This Sax is in great shape all of our instuments are checked over once a year by Meyer Music. Those folks are great.I keep seeing these listed for lots more money, I know I paid a lot more money.$300.00 bucks is a good value.My daughter played this in Jazz Band Check it out.Its a Yamaha thay make some of the best instruments you can buy! Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Washburn x-series guitar - $300 (Independence, Missouri)

Independence, Missouri

Gallien Kruger 250 ml - W/ original footswitch - $300 (Independence)

Independence

Gallien Kruger 250 ml guitar amp from the first year they were produced (1984?). This amp works perfectly and is in good condition. I am the original owner of this amp. Dont be fooled by the size, it is 100 watts (stereo). Built in echo and chorus effects. Guitar amp comes with ac power cord and original footswitch. I have replaced a couple of knobs, painted the grill blue, replaced a potentiometer and the speakers because of the foam surround deteriorating. Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Boss GT-8 plus extras - $325 (Independence)

Independence
$Excellent condition. Smoke free environment. Comes with manual and power supply. Extras included are a boss FS-5L footswitch. Tian Jays video tutorial. Check it out here: http://bossgtcentral.com/dvd.htmlAnd Rolands DVD owners manual for the GT-8. This DVD still plays for me, but is pretty scratched up. The DVDs included are almost essential to understanding and getting the most out of the GT-8The value of everything new:GT-8 - $445.00FS-5L - $29.99 (more info here: http://www.guitarcenter.com/Boss-FS-5L-Footswitch---Latching-100085417-i1134195.gcRoland DVD Manual - $29.95 (For more info: http://www.amazon.com/Roland-Boss-Video-Tutorial-Manual/dp/B000FJR1KS)Tian Jays video tutorial - $38.00 (link above)Total = 542.94 NEWBOSS GT-8 Features:- 2-channel amp modeling floor processor- Activate the lead tone with one switch- 13 effect blocks for endless textures and routing- Plenty of inputs and outputs including a S/PDIF out- BOSSs most powerful floor multi-effects processor- Dual COSM Preamp with Solo Mode for instant tone boost- Control amp channels and effects by picking dynamics- Independent effect loop- Effects can be in any orderDual COSM AmpsThe BOSS GT-8 boasts the latest top-quality COSM amp models with complete dual channel configuration. Explore new sonic dimensions by combining two amp models, or by switching between them during performance. Select a high-gain amp in the BOSS GT-8 such as Metal Stack and set it for deadly distortion. Then add clarity to the raw power by using the Smooth Drive model on the other channel. Prepare to be impressed as you tap into the expressive Dynamic mode, where two channels can be controlled based on picking strength. Transition smoothly from clean to mean by simply picking harder or softer. The BOSS GT-8 has it all!Solo SwitchStep into the spotlight with the BOSS GT-8 and the new Solo Switch feature. Each of the 46 COSM amp models in the BOSS GT-8 contains a specially programmed variation thats optimized for soloing. Simply click the Solo switch to activate the lead tone, and off you go - its like having a separate solo channel on every COSM amp!Extreme EffectsForty-four effects categories are built into the BOSS GT-8. Up to 13 effect blocks can be used simultaneously to create complex textures and routings. All of your FX bases are covered - compressors, reverbs, choruses, EQs, COSM-modeled wahs, and much more. There are 200 preset patches built into the BOSS GT-8, plus 140 user patches for storing your custom amp/effects creations. As a special bonus, theres a selection of synth waves onboard, plus sitar and an acoustic processor. From subtle to sizzling, where will you take your tone?Effects ChainAnother area where the BOSS GT-8 stomps the competition is in its powerful effects routing. Internally, the 13 FX blocks can be configured in any order you desire (for example, you can freely assign an equalizer after a distortion effect or before it). And if youd care to take your tone \$

Les Paul Special II, Amp, Tuner, Picks, Cleaner, Gig bag, Headphones - $175 (Independence)

Independence

I am selling a Epiphone Les Paul Special II with everything I have with it. I have never used it (never had time to learn). It comes with an Epiphone Amp with headphones, Epiphone Auto Tuner, Gig bag (soft case), Picks, and cleanerPlease CallJustin (816)392-1831Local Cash Only Buyers Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Trumpet - $95 (independence)

independence

alto saxophone - $200 (independence)

independence

ESP LTD AX Series Hardshell Guitar Case $100 or Trade - $100 (Independence)

Independence

Peavey Classic 30 amp - $350 (Independence, MO)

Independence, MO
$I have a Peavey Classic 30 amplifier. Its about a year old, and is absolutely like new. It has a 12\$

Trade a Fender Twin Pro Tube for Deluxe Reverb (Independence, MO)

Independence, MO

I have a Fender Twin Pro Tube amp, that I would like to trade for a Deluxe Reverb, or a Vibrolux Reverb.The Twin is like new, and comes with the four button foot switch. The amp can be powered down from 100 watts to 25 watts with the flip of a switch. Output tube biasing and balancing can be easily done by removing a small cover on the back of the amp. Its on wheels, and has the tilt back legs. Its a great amp, but I need to get something smaller. Location: Independence, MOits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

@@@Armstrong Flute@@@ - $150 (Independence)

Independence

Waterstone Mildred Bass with amp. - $280 (Independence)

Independence

Selling a like new hollowbody bass with amp. This bass cost 700 new and the amp cost 180. I have been laid off from the railroad so the toys have to go. Anyway my loss your gain. $280 gets it all. what you se is what you get case and all. (816)876-9424 Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

1991 Ibanez Radius 540 - $400 (Eastern Independence)

Eastern Independence
$I have a 1991 Ibanez Radius 540 for sale. Black with 22 frets, \$

2000 Marshall 1987X 50-watt Plexi Reissue - $900 (Independence)

Independence
$This is a Marshall 1987X 50-watt Plexi reissue head made in June of 2000. It was made before the European Community electrical standards forced Marshall to redesign the circuit a couple of years later. This amp is the late-60s model 1987 circuit: two channels, high- and lo-sensitivity inputs for each channel, independent volumes for each channel, EL-34s in the output stage, no master volume and no effects loop. Its a simple circuit that evolved from the late-50s Fender Bassman. The sound is tight, crisp and harmonically rich. This amp is in virtually mint condition with only a little discoloration on one of the handle endcaps. I bought the amp new in October 2000. It has never seen a bar gig, only outdoor and large-room gigs. Its combination of sweetness and agression make it a perfect mate to a Les Paul, but I have gotten amazing tones out of it with Strats, Teles, Firebirds and ES-335s, as well. I havent been using this amp much in the last couple of years, and I need the space more than I need the amp, so its time for me to let it go. Its running a matched pair of SED \$

Marshall Half Stack - $225 (independence)

independence

Marshall Valvestate 8100 Head.A couple of the knobs are a bit scratchy but sounds great. Other than that there is nothing wrong with this amp. In the picture there is glow in the dark paint on it which could be cleaned off. This is a great amp, thanks for looking. Location: independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Gitano Jumbo Acoustic - $125 (independence)

independence

Gitano guitars are a line of gypsy jazz guitars from Cordoba. This is a beautiful guitar with no blemishes. It has been taken care of very well. I really am sad to sell it, I just need the money. thanks for looking. Location: independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Ibanez rg - $80 (Independence)

Independence

This is an older prestige model made in Japan, not Korea. This guitar plays and sounds awesome, it has a v8 and v7 pickups. There is a few blemishes, you can see in the picture. There is also a little chip on the back of the guitar in the finish, it is smaller than a penny. Other than that there isnt really anything wrong with this guitar. thanks for looking. Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

PDP drum set with cymbols - $240 (independence)

independence

Ibanez GB - $1300 (Independence)

Independence

Fender Strat - $1200 (Independence)

Independence

Pacific DW FS Drum Set with Cymbals - $800 (Independence, MO)

Independence, MO
$This description says that it doesnt come with cymbals, but it did when I bought it. Additionally, I bought higher grade crash, ride and hi-hat (Paiste brand) that were 300 dollars alone, so whoever buys them will get two sets of cymbals. I really would like to get at least 800 for the whole set, they are brand new, only been played once and I didnt even play them hard enough to leave marks on them. I also have the throne and sticks to go along with this, I had to buy those separate also when I bought this set. Total its worth 1200 dollars. 816-796-0230**Ushering in an era of quality and economy, Pacific Drums FS series offers stunning high-quality, all-birch shells. Birch produces a dry, more controllable sound, making it an excellent choice for recording work. The smooth satin oil finish looks killer anywhere. This complete FS kit includes 14\$

Kohler & Campbell Piano - $550 (Independence)

Independence

Beautiful 1980 vertical upright piano with walnut finish. Has very pleasing tone, keys are in mint condition, played lightly. Cabinet is in beautiful condition with matching bench - currently tuned. Buyer responsible for moving - easy to move - close to front door and only 2 steps down. Can provide the name of a good piano tuner and moving company if needed. Cash, cashiers check, or Paypal only, please. Wonderful piano for any level of pianist. Please email for more pictures - too large to upload. Thanks for looking. Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Peavey Mixer Amp - $60 (Independence)

Independence

Waterstone Mildred Bass with amp - $360 (Independence)

Independence

Selling a like new hollowbody bass. wtih hardcase and amp. Ready to shake the walls. plays great and looks even better. This bass is around $600 new so with the amp and the case you are getting a heck of a deal. (816)876-9424. Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Florea Recital II violin 3/4 - $80 (Independence)

Independence

Crate VTX 200s Amp with pedal - $280 (Independence)

Independence

Selling a like new crate amp. Has 200 watts, foot controled 4 position pedal, lots of effects, two 12 speakers. Awesome amp like new played maybe 4 or 5 hours total. Cost 500 new yours for a steal at $280. (816)876-9424. Everything works great. Wheels to move it around or you can take them off. Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Young Chang designer 48" professional upright piano. - $2350 (Independence Mo.)

Independence Mo.

Beautiful 1989 Young Chang 48 inch professional upright piano. This is a reproduction cabinet style of pianos made over 115 years ago. You can experience the charm of the late eighteen hundreds cabinetry along with the bright rich tone produced by modern tecnology. It plays and sounds as good as it looks. The lovely cabinetry well enhance the decore of any home. The piano has just been tuned and it tunes to standard pitch of A-440. The tunning pins are as tight as new, the action is good and the bridges are perfect. It comes with a matching bench and is a one owner piano. It is truly a fine instrument that will satisfy the most discrimminating pianist. Only $2,350.00 and you will have a piano that will last a lifetime. Remember, this is a late model piano with a cabinet style reminissent of times gone by. I will arrange professional delivery to anywhere within 75 miles of the KC Metro area (No more then three outside steps) at no charge. To view more and larger photos please click on this link. http://www.flickr.com/photos/16399037@N02/sets/72157618638181642/ Click on the thumbnails to view larger photos CALL 816 714 4418 Location: Independence Mo.its NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

BEUTIFUL BC RICH MOCKINGBIRD BASS 4 STRING - $400 (INDEPENDENCE)

INDEPENDENCE
$I BOUGHT THIS BASS BACK IN 1992., IT IS AN N.J. SERIES, BUT FROM JAPAN, IF YOU DIDN.T KNOW NJ STANDS FOR NEGOYA, JAPAN ASSEMBLY PLANT . PROBABLY PLAYED 4 GIGS WITH IT. IT SHOWS NO FRETWEAR,ABSOLUTELY NO NICKS,SCRATCHES OR IMPERFECTIONS OF ANY KIND. BASICALLY STILL NEW IN CONDITION. COMES WITH A \$

AMPEG 410HLF NEW BASS CABINET - $600 (INDEPENDENCE)

INDEPENDENCE

I JUST BOUGHT THIS CABINET FROM GUITAR CENTER. PAID ALMOST $800.00 FOR IT!BUT THE ARMY HAS RE-ENSTATED MY SERVICE AND IT MUST GO SOON!NEVER PLAYED A GIG WITH IT, IM NOT EVEN IN A BAND!YOU MAY ALSO CALL ME AT 816-456-0014SERIOUS INQUIRIES ONLY PLEASE!!THIS THING IS RATED AT 500 WATTS, AND 1000 RMS!This is the speaker cabinet for the bass player who demands the ultimate in a single, compact cabinet setup. The SVT-410HLF delivers devastating low-end bass, all the way down to 28Hz, thanks to four 10� speakers working together to move a tremendous amount of air. The SVT-410HLF actually moves 10% more air than two 18-inch speakers, and 25% more than three 15-inch speakers! And those leviathans simply can�t respond to transient peaks as quickly as four tens can.The SVT-410HLF also delivers superb top-end, thanks to its 1� horn driver, strategically crossed over at 4kHz. This is a favorite enclosure for such artists as Meshell Ndegeocello, John McVie of Fleetwood Mac, and Ricky Skaggs� bass player, Mark Fain. The Ampeg SVT-410HLF is the supreme speaker enclosure for the multi-string bass player seeking both superior power handling and true high-fidelity performance. Tilt Back Handle Bar 1/4� and Neutrik Speakon� Jacks Variable HF �L-Pad� Baltic Birch Plywood 3� Dolly-Style Casters Location: INDEPENDENCEits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Digital Delay - $50 (Independence)

Independence

Digitech RDS 1000 Time machine. This is a digital delay for a rack mount. I won�t describe it, either you know what it is or it will take a while to explain. $50.00 Cash only. Will not hold. Call 816-914-0715. Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Harmonica- Great Condition- Rarely used - $3 (Independence)

Independence

Marine Band Harmonica with case- only $3 cash! Excellent Condition- rarely used!Pick up, serious inquiries only, pleaseCall Sahsha (530) 591-3968Will put in garage sale, so call soon if you are interested! :) Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

fender guitar with amp and accessaries - $425 (independence)

independence

PA equipment - $700 (Independence, Mo)

Independence, Mo

I am cleaning out my musical closset and I have the following available:1.Laney 80 watt bass amp ($100.00)2. Peavey 400 watt amp head(built in effects) like new($300.00)3.AC powered floor monitor($100.00)4.RCA 5 CD Changer(like new) $200.00All are in good working order. Location: Independence, Moits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Boss Dr Rhythm DR-670 - $100 (Independence Mo)

Independence Mo

Gallien Kruger 250 ml - $300 (Independence)

Independence

Peavy amp - $50 (Independence)

Independence

Selmer Black Oboe used - $400 (Independence, MO.)

Independence, MO.

FOR SALE-Used Selmer Black beginners Oboe-used for 3 years by my daughter throughout high school-in great shape, hasnt been used in 2 years-corks are in good shape, includes cork grease and Protec soft carrying case-2 pads are a little sticky and might need to be replaced later-doesnt include reeds-$400 or best offer Location: Independence, MO.its NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

TENOR SAX YAMAHA YTS52 - $950 (INDEPENDENCE)

INDEPENDENCE

Yamaha Tenor sax model YTS52. Intermediate pro line horn in really nice, like new condition. Comes with premium up-grade case. The case is perfect for marching band or gigs. Serial #019046 A. Just gone over by sax tech and plays great! No mouthpiece. I do have several mouthpieces for use to try the horn or bring your own. $950.00 OBO, CASH ONLY please. e-mail or call 816-461-2127 and leave a message. Location: INDEPENDENCEits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Upright Piano (Independence)

Independence

Moving and must sell by June 12thUpright Piano - asking $150 - Make offer and it is yoursNeeds tuning, in good condition but bottom panel came off(needs to be reattached) Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Lowrey Jubilee Organ (Independence,Mo)

Independence,Mo

Very nice Lowrey Organ, was my grandmas, it works just fine, had it on today to test.Please see picture, reply to ad or call 816-886-2635 with an offer. Thanks Jenn Location: Independence,Moits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Fender Dimension IV Bass - $330 (Independence)

Independence
$This a great bass, in mint condition... It sounds great and looks really sharp.. call me at 816-517-8509Features: Alder body, Maple neck, 24 fret Rosewood fingerboard with 12\$

ESP LTD H-100 - $200 (Independence, MO)

Independence, MO

Fender Dimension IV bass - $330 (independence)

independence
$Fender Dimension IV Bass Guitar in Cherry Sunburst finish. Features: Alder body, Maple neck, 24 fret Rosewood fingerboard with 12\$

Ibanez DE7 + AC adapter - sale or trade - $55 (Independence)

Independence

Used but excellent condition. Includes power supply. The Ibanez DE7 Delay/Echo Pedal delivers both high-tech or vintage tape echo sounds at the throw of a switch. Capable of 30 ms to 2.6 seconds of delay time. Time, repeat, level, and a Range Switch allow for quick, precise control of your Ibanez DE7. Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

Peavey Renown 400 sale/trade for multi effects pedal - $250 (Independence)

Independence
$I would like to trade for a pedal comparable to this:http://www.guitarcenter.com/Line-6-Floor-POD-Plus-Guitar-Multi-Effects-Pedal-104318258-i1172343.gcPeavey Renown 400.Link to its manual:http://www.peavey.com/assets/literature/manuals/80300142.pdfRated at 600 (peak) watts, this thing is loud and built like tank!. Its got a couple of scratchy pots, but if you use the included footswitch its a non-issue. Just set volume for each channel, use the footswitch and volume control on your guitar.It is built and designed in the USA. Real discrete bipolar output transistors(none of the chip block transistors that are used today), beefy power transformer and power supply, 2 12\$

EDIT>>VINTAGE 1965 Ludwig 'Club Date' Drum Set<<$999/OBO - $999 (Independence/KCMO)

Independence/KCMO

_____*I forgot to include the bass pedal as part of the set in the first post, and picture now includes hi-hat and bass pedal*_____This drum set for sale is a 1965 Ludwig Club Date set. The set has been in my posession for the last 2-3 years, and I must get rid of them now. It is in very good condition, considering the set is nearly 45 years old. The set is mostly rust free, but if looked at closely there is minor pitting and a little surface rust, but they do have a VERY nice shine to them. But most of all, this set SOUNDS GREAT! Except for the snare, all of the drum heads are original, I believe. So, please take into consideration that I couldve replaced the heads, making the set appear even better. But, I did not, intentionally, simply because I wanted to keep the set as original as I could. So when viewing pictures, please keep that in mind._____The set includes the bass drum, floor tom, one mounted tom, snare drum, snare stand, reversible Speed King bass pedal, bass drum-mounted cymbal stand, bass drum-mounted cowbell, hi-hat(needs some minor repair to function correctly, but still works), and original Ludwig hi-hat cymbals. All drums and hardware in this set were manufactured by either Ludwig or WFL. Measurements for drums are listed below, along with their serial numbers.All badges are intact, and serial numbers are visible. According to an online drum guide, the drums were manufactured circa May-June 1965. I tried matching what color/finish the drums are in a Ludwig catalog, and the closest one it is to is the Sparkling Pink Champagne, but could also have been the Sparkling Gold finish._____Drum sets similar to these are going for over $1200 on ebay, and IMMACULATE sets for over $2000, but i am asking just under $1000 for them. If I cannot sell them on here they will be going on Ebay. I just wanted to try selling locally first, avoiding having to ship them. If you are into vintage drums, you probably know all about this type of drum set. And if you are LOOKING for a vintage sounding set, these drums ARE what you are looking for. You dont come across sets like this very often.Measurements:Bass - 16x20Floor Tom - 14x14Mounted Tom - 8x12Snare - 6x14 (6-lug)Serial #s:Bass - 168872Floor Tom - 169355Mount Tom - 158785Snare - 157794 ( Feel free to check the serial #s at vintagedrumguide.com )_____I hope i covered everything about the drum set, if not i am sorry. I also have more pictures of the set, i can email. I would be happy to let serious buyers to see the set before buying. If you have any questions, are interested, or want to give me an offer of your own, PLEASE call me. I do check my email, but my response will take longer than if u just called. Call 816-739-0246, my name is Charles.Thank youp.s. i also have a 62 Slingerland 8-lug snare i will be posting in the near future, if you would like to know about it also, just ask Location: Independence/KCMOits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

1943 D'Noble Clarinet - $400 (Independence)

Independence

I am posting this item for my elderly Uncle and know very little about this clarinet. It was purchased by him in Lavelle France in 1943 during WWII. It is genuinely a classic by any standards and appears to be in pretty nice shape. It would make a very nice addition to any collection of musical instruments for show or to play. Please contact me @816-719-4998 and Ill do my best to answer your questions or will refer you to the owner for more detail. Thank you for your consideration. Location: Independenceits NOT ok to contact this poster with services or other commercial interests

1900 Ludwig Capitol Banjo!! - $800 (Independence)

Independence